J4Affected elements of members and connecting elements

This section applies to elements of members at connections and connecting elements, such as plates, gussets, angles, and brackets.

J4.1 Strength of Elements in Tension

The design strength, $\phi R_{n}$, and the allowable strength, $R_{n} / \Omega$, of affected and connecting elements loaded in tension shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of tensile yielding and tensile rupture.

(a) For tensile yielding of connecting elements

(J4-1)

$\phi=0.90$ (LRFD) $\quad \Omega=1.67$ (ASD)

(b) For tensile rupture of connecting elements

(J4-2)

$\phi=0.75$ (LRFD) $\quad \Omega=2.00$ (ASD)

where

$A_{e}=$ effective net area as defined in Section D3, in. ${ }^{2}\left(\mathrm{~mm}^{2}\right)$

User Note: The effects of shear lag or concentrated loads dispersed within the element may cause only a portion of the area to be effective in resisting the load. For shear lag, see Chapter D.

J4.2 Strength of Elements in Shear

The available shear strength of affected and connecting elements in shear shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of shear yielding and shear rupture:

(a) For shear yielding of the element

(J4-3)

$\phi=1.00$ (LRFD) $\quad \Omega=1.50$ (ASD)

where

$A_{g v}=$ gross area subjected to shear, in. ${ }^{2}\left(\mathrm{~mm}^{2}\right)$

(b) For shear rupture of the element

$ = 0.75 (LRFD) 2=2.00 (ASD) where

Anv = net area subjected to shear, in.2 (mm2)

J4.3 Block Shear Strength

The available strength for the limit state of block shear rupture along a shear failure path or paths and a perpendicular tension failure path shall be determined as follows:

where

$A_{n t}=\text { net area subjected to tension, in. }^{2}\left(\mathrm{~mm}^{2}\right)$

Where the tension stress is uniform, $U_{b s}=1$; where the tension stress is nonuniform, $U_{b s}=0.5$.

User Note: Typical cases where $U_{b s}$ should be taken as equal to 0.5 are illustrated in the Commentary.

J4.4 Strength of Elements in Compression

The available strength of connecting elements in compression for the limit states of yielding and buckling shall be determined as follows:

(a) When $L_{c} / r \leq 25$

(J4-6)

$\phi=0.90$ (LRFD) $\quad \Omega=1.67$ (ASD)

(b) When $L_{c} / r>25$, the provisions of Chapter E apply, where

$L_{c}=$ effective length, in. (mm)

• = KL

$K=$ effective length factor

$L=$ laterally unbraced length of the element, in. (mm)

User Note: The effective length factors used in computing compressive strengths of connecting elements are specific to the end restraint provided and may not necessarily be taken as unity when the direct analysis method is employed.

J4.5 Strength of Elements in Flexure

The available flexural strength of affected elements shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of flexural yielding, local buckling, flexural lateral-torsional buckling, and flexural rupture.