Formulas: Strength Reductions for Members with Bolt Holes in the Tension Flange

Formula 1

Because the effect of Equation F13-1 is to multiply the elastic section modulus by a stress that is always less than the yield stress, it can be shown that this resistance and safety factor always give conservative results when $Z / S \leq 1.2$; it can also be shown to be conservative when $Z / S>1.2$ and a more accurate model for the rupture strength is used (Geschwindner, 2010a).

Formula 2

Found in

• PROPORTIONS OF BEAMS AND GIRDERS