Formulas: Tie Bar Requirement

Equation C-II-3

The tie bar spacing requirement is based on the flexibility and shear buckling of empty steel modules before concrete placement (Varma et al., 2019). The flexibility of the empty modules for transportation, shipping, and handling activities is dominated by their effective shear stiffness, $\left(G A\right)_{e f f}$, which can be estimated using models (Varma et al., 2019) or calculated conservatively for a unit cell of the module using Equation C-11-3:

Equation C-II-4

After assembly and before concrete casting, the empty modules provide structural support for construction activities, loads, and the steel framework connected to it. The buckling of the empty module subjected to compression loading is also governed by its effective shear stiffness, $(G A)_{e f f}$, and can be estimated conservatively using Equation C-11-4:

Found in

• GENERAL PROVISIONS